An oxygen atom of a polar water molecule is negative.
Although the inner leaflet of the gram-negative outer membrane is composed mainly of phospholipids, the outer leaflet of the outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharides.
Phospholipids are the most abundant component of the plasma membrane. The structure of phospholipids is composed of a backbone of glycerol containing two fatty acid chains attached to two hydroxyl groups and one phosphate group attached to the third hydroxyl group.
Lipopolysaccharides, also abbreviated as LPS, are the major component of bacterial cell wall. The role of LPS is to provide structural integrity and high permeability to the bacteria. LPS is a pyrogen and can be toxic to human body.
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The evolutionary arm's race seen between caterpillars and a parasitic wasp is COEVOLUTION. This type of evolution helps the development of adaptive traits in both hosts and parasites.
Coevolution refers to the evolutionary race between hosts and parasites aimed at improving the defense (host) and parasitic (parasite) mechanisms, respectively.
Coevolution is therefore a reciprocal adaptative mechanism over time due to the interactions between two different species (in this case, host and parasite).
Examples of coevolution include plant and pollinator interactions, predator and prey interactions, or host and parasite interactions.
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Answer:
A folded chain of amino acids
Explanation:
