Answer:
Use a ratio of 0.44 mol lactate to 1 mol of lactic acid
Explanation:
John could prepare a lactate buffer.
He can use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to find the acid/base ratio for the buffer.
![\text{pH} = \text{pK}_{\text{a}} + \log\dfrac{\text{[A$^{-}$]}}{\text{[HA]}}\\\\3.5 = 3.86 + \log\dfrac{\text{[A$^{-}$]}}{\text{[HA]}}\\\\\log\dfrac{\text{[A$^{-}$]}}{\text{[HA]}} = 3.5 - 3.86 = -0.36\\\\\dfrac{\text{[A$^{-}$]}}{\text{[HA]}} = 10^{-0.36} = \mathbf{0.44}](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5Ctext%7BpH%7D%20%3D%20%5Ctext%7BpK%7D_%7B%5Ctext%7Ba%7D%7D%20%2B%20%5Clog%5Cdfrac%7B%5Ctext%7B%5BA%24%5E%7B-%7D%24%5D%7D%7D%7B%5Ctext%7B%5BHA%5D%7D%7D%5C%5C%5C%5C3.5%20%3D%203.86%20%2B%20%5Clog%5Cdfrac%7B%5Ctext%7B%5BA%24%5E%7B-%7D%24%5D%7D%7D%7B%5Ctext%7B%5BHA%5D%7D%7D%5C%5C%5C%5C%5Clog%5Cdfrac%7B%5Ctext%7B%5BA%24%5E%7B-%7D%24%5D%7D%7D%7B%5Ctext%7B%5BHA%5D%7D%7D%20%3D%203.5%20-%203.86%20%3D%20-0.36%5C%5C%5C%5C%5Cdfrac%7B%5Ctext%7B%5BA%24%5E%7B-%7D%24%5D%7D%7D%7B%5Ctext%7B%5BHA%5D%7D%7D%20%3D%2010%5E%7B-0.36%7D%20%3D%20%5Cmathbf%7B0.44%7D)
He should use a ratio of 0.44 mol lactate to 1 mol of lactic acid.
For example, he could mix equal volumes of 0.044 mol·L⁻¹ lactate and 0.1 mol·L⁻¹ lactic acid.
Answer:
Explanation:
The formula of the reaction:
KClO₂ → KCl + O₂
To assign oxidation numbers, we have to obey some rules:
- Elements in an uncombined state or one whose atoms combine with one another to form molecules have an oxidation number of zero.
- The charge on simple ions signifies their oxidation number.
- The algebraic sum of all the oxidation number of all atoms in a neutral compound is zero. For radicals with charges, their oxidation number is the charge.
The oxidation number of K in KClO₂:
K + (-1) + 2(-2) = 0
K-5 = 0
K = +5
The oxidation number of K in KCl:
K + (-1) = 0
K = +1
The oxidation number Cl in KClO₂ is -1
For Cl in KCl, the oxidation number is -1
For O in KClO₂, the oxidation number is (2 x -2) = -4
For O in O₂, the oxidation number is 0
K moves from an oxidation state of +5 to +1. This is a gain of electrons and K has undergone reduction. We then say K is reduced.
O moves from an oxidation state of -4 to 0. This is a loss of electrons and O has undergone oxidation. We say O is oxidized.
Answer:
Chlorine
Explanation:
The P usually stands for Protons, and that is usually the element number. (chlorine is 17) N is for neutron
Explanation:
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