Answer:
The simultaneous effect of a predator population on a prey population and a prey population on a predator population over time.
Explanation:
The mathematical models of Lotka-Volterra equations explain the existing interaction between species in which prey and predator influence and affect each other. The model follows a few assumptions,
- The ecosystem is isolated and closed. There is no migration.
- The whole individuals are reproductively equivalent.
- In the absence of the predator, prey shows an exponential growth rate. The prey is in the ideal environment.
- When there is no prey, the predator population decreases exponentially because of the lack of food. The predator environment is ideal, but it is limited by prey density.
- The predation rate is proportional to the encounters rate, which also depends on density.
- The predators affect the prey populations, inducing its decrease proportionally to the number of prey and predators present.
- The prey population also influences the predator population proportionally to the number of encounters between the two species.
In these equations, the variable D is the number of predators, and P the number of prey items.
The parameters are always constant:
• r1: prey growth rate.
• a1: predator hunting success.
• r2: predator growth rate.
• a2: the success of the predator in hunting and feeding.
In nature, many factors affect interactions, such as dense-dependent factors and dense-independent factors. Also, in reality, there are stochastic factors. Stochasticity refers to the variability in the system involving those factors that are affecting or influencing population growth. Stochasticity might be related to good years and bad years for population growth.
In real situations, the compliance of the whole assumption does not occur. The previously mentioned constants might vary, constantly changing the interaction between the predator and the prey. These parameters change in different degrees, resulting in varying circumstances for both species.
The earth's inner core is the innermost layer of the earth. Primarily, it is a solid ball composed of an iron-nickel allow and some other elements, which holds a radius of about 1,220 kilometers.
Answer:
B.
Explanation:
B. carbon decays relatively quickly.
Water vapor is water in a gas state instead of a liquid or a solid.
Explanation:
These are 5 inverted cut bottles with different soils:
(Gravel, Sand, Loam, Clay, and Peat)
- The piece of cloth is tied at the mouth of the bottle to let out water at the same rate as the piece of cotton wool in the previous diagram.
- Soil that is very porous holds very little water and therefore allows too much water to pass through it.
- From the above, gravel has very large particles,it allows too much water to pass through it meaning it holds little water.
- Peat has more fine particles than Clay Soil, hence holds more water than Clay. It therefore allows very little water to pass through it.
