The process of RNA editing is the alteration of the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA after it has been transcribed from DNA, but before it is translated into a protein. RNA editing occurs by two distinct mechanisms:<em><u /><u>Substitution</u> <u>editing </u></em>and <u><em>Insertion/</em></u><em></em><u><em>deletion</em></u><em> <u>editing</u></em>.
<u><em>Substitution editing</em></u> is the chemical alteration of individual nucleotides. These alterations are catalyzed by enzymes that recognize a specific target sequence of nucleotides:
*Cytidine Deaminases that convert a C in the RNA to uracil.
*<em />adenosine deaminases that convert an A to inosine,which the ribosome translates as a G.<span>Thus a CAG codon</span><span> (for Gln) can be converted to a CGG codon (for Arg).
<em><u>*Insertion/deletion editing</u></em><em><u /></em><u /> is the insertion or deletion of nucleotides in an RNA.
These alterations are mediated by guide RNA molecules that base-pair as best they can with the RNA to be edited and serve as a template for the addition( or removal) in the target.</span>
Fractures are common injury during childhood with 8 to 12 percent. For toddlers like of a 3 years old femur fractures usually comes from a low energy fall. The doctor after an x-ray puts the affected leg in a Spica cast. In order to obtain history of what happened prior and during the injury, it would be better to ask the parents first especially if they are present during the incident. Afterwards, if they are not present those who witnessed the incident can be asked like if a teacher was present she can attest to what really happened.
Viruses are bundles of genetic material enclosed in a capsid.
Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. They include familiar organisms such as trees, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae.
