Answer:
Kinematics is the study of motion, without any reference to the forces that cause the motion. It basically means studying how things are moving, not why they're moving. It includes concepts such as distance or displacement, speed or velocity, and acceleration, and it looks at how those values vary over time.
The functions of angles are used to find unknown lengths or angles that can't be measured, in terms of known quantities. The trig functions of angles are ratios of lengths, so they're bare naked numbers without units.
Answer:
Part a)

Part b)

Part c)

Explanation:
Part a)
As we know that the friction force on two boxes is given as



Now we know by Newton's II law

so we have




Part b)
For block B we know that net force on it will push it forward with same acceleration so we have




Part c)
If Alex push from other side then also the acceleration will be same
So for box B we can say that Net force is given as




Answer
Pressure, P = 1 atm
air density, ρ = 1.3 kg/m³
a) height of the atmosphere when the density is constant
Pressure at sea level = 1 atm = 101300 Pa
we know
P = ρ g h


h = 7951.33 m
height of the atmosphere will be equal to 7951.33 m
b) when air density decreased linearly to zero.
at x = 0 air density = 0
at x= h ρ_l = ρ_sl
assuming density is zero at x - distance

now, Pressure at depth x


integrating both side


now,


h = 15902.67 m
height of the atmosphere is equal to 15902.67 m.