I believe it's upper and lower
This represents the source of research ideas called classroom lecture.
There are several sources which can inspire and help someone to develop a research question. Some of them are theory, everyday occurrence, serendipity and past research. In this case, Whitney was taught about the bystander effect in her social psychology course and she was inspired to undertake an undergraduate research project on this subject.
I think fasting during Ramadan if i'm not mistaken... Or Hajj
Answer:
the representative heuristic.
Explanation:
While confronted with confusion people often attempt to make a decision, by relying on a mental shortcut described as heuristic representatives. Heuristics are used we make quick decisions using past experiences. While these shortcuts may accelerate the process of decision making, it may also result in faulty choices and stereotypes. As per the question, Piper used heuristic to quickly judges the person.
Answer:
Most people from Western cultures tend to avoid eye contact when conveying bad news or negative feedback.