Viroids.
<span>Viroids enter the pollen and ovule, from where they are transmitted to the seed. When the seed germinates, the new plant becomes infected. Viroids can also be transmitted among plants by contaminated farm machinery and insects.</span>
Energy sources are classified as nonrenewable because they do not form or replenish in a short period of time. Renewable energy sources such as solar and wind replenish naturally in a short period of time.
The four major nonrenewable energy sources are
<span>- Crude oil
- Natural gas
- Coal
- Uranium (nuclear energy) </span>
Nonrenewable energy sources come out of the ground as liquids, gases, and solids. We use crude oil to make liquid petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, and heating oil. Propane and other hydrocarbon gas liquids, such as butane and ethane, are found in natural gas and crude oil.
All fossil fuels are nonrenewable, but not all nonrenewable energy sources are fossil fuels
Coal, crude oil, and natural gas are all considered fossil fuels because they were formed from the buried remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago.
Uranium ore, a solid, is mined and converted to a fuel used at nuclear power plants. Uranium is not a fossil fuel, but it is classified as a nonrenewable fuel.
Answer:
Since high ethanol is a major stress during ethanol fermentation, ethanol-tolerant yeast strains are highly desirable for ethanol production on an industrial scale. A technology called global transcriptional machinery engineering (gTME), which exploits a mutant SPT15 library that encodes the TATA-binding protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Alper et al., 2006; Science 314: 1565-1568), appears to be a powerful tool. to create ethanol tolerant strains. However, the ability of the strains created to tolerate high ethanol content in rich media remains to be demonstrated. In this study, a similar strategy was used to obtain five strains with higher ethanol tolerance (ETS1-5) of S. cerevisiae. When comparing the global transcriptional profiles of two selected strains ETS2 and ETS3 with that of the control, 42 genes that were commonly regulated with a double change were identified. Of the 34 deletion mutants available in an inactivated gene library, 18 were sensitive to ethanol, suggesting that these genes were closely associated with tolerance to ethanol.
Explanation:
Eight of them were novel and most were functionally unknown. To establish a basis for future industrial applications, the iETS2 and iETS3 strains were created by integrating the SPT15 mutant alleles of ETS2 and ETS3 into the chromosomes, which also exhibited increased tolerance to ethanol and survival after ethanol shock in a rich medium. Fermentation with 20% glucose for 24 h in a bioreactor revealed that iETS2 and iETS3 grew better and produced approximately 25% more ethanol than a control strain. The performance and productivity of ethanol also improved substantially: 0.31 g / g and 2.6 g / L / h, respectively, for the control and 0.39 g / g and 3.2 g / L / h, respectively, for iETS2 and iETS3.
Therefore, our study demonstrates the utility of gTME in generating strains with increased tolerance to ethanol that resulted in increased ethanol production. Strains with increased tolerance to other stresses such as heat, fermentation inhibitors, osmotic pressure, etc., can be further created using gTME.
Very simple. At rest, you have a number of bpm. After exercise, the heart can't return abruptly to the rest speed, and it keeps a faster rate for a while.
Answer:
Bread, especially wholemeal, granary, brown and seeded varieties, is a healthy choice to eat as part of a balanced diet. Wholegrain, wholemeal and brown breads give us energy and contain B vitamins, vitamin E, fibre and a wide range of minerals