The Agricultural Revolution is the name given to the drastic changes in the farming process that occurred in the 1600's onwards. The spread-out, shared farms, common under the "open-field system" of cultivation, turned into more compact, but larger, farms. The many problems associated with open fields; the overgrazing of animals, difficulty in reaching consensus for change, and single herds that had led to a spread of animal diseases and uncontrollable breeding breeding; had all become generally solved (Gernhard). Farmers had discovered a crop rotation system that allowed them to forgo leaving up to half the land unused or fallow between each planting.
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The five characteristics of civilization are:
1. Advanced cities: this is a large number of people living together and interacting with one another in term of trade and in other ways.
2. Specialized workers: people in the population are specialized in different specific fields that are important to the people at large.
3. Complex institution: there is organization in the community which is long lasting in nature.
4. Record keeping: Means of documenting important events and important information are in place.
5. Advanced technology: the people have invented means of solving emerging problems in the community.
The most important characteristic is the advanced cities. This is the foundation of civilization and without it no civilization can occur.
The first paper was made from rags , but later plant materials were used such as bark hemp and bamboo
