1.) For all of the above
2.) supplementary single-stranded ends.
3.) The strong negative charges from the phosphate groups in the DNA backbone cause it to migrate toward the positive pole.
Substrate level phosphorylation is the formation of ATP to ADP. Due to substrate level phosphorylation, glycolysis forms 4 ATP.
The predominant hypothesis for why the animals needed some 3 billion years to evolve after the life first appeared on the planet is that the conditions were not right for them to appear.
The life on Earth has appeared much earlier that what we normally assume, and also it has not been evolving very quickly, but instead it has been a very slow and gradual process. The reason for that is that the living conditions on the Earth were much different than what are they now, or anytime from the Cambrian period until the present.
The surface was still pretty hot, and there was intense volcanic activity. The composition of the atmosphere was not suitable for animals to appear at all, and in fact it would have been toxic for them. The water too had chemicals in it that were not providing the right conditions for animals to evolve. It was only after the plants started to appear and managed to make lot of changes in the water, atmosphere, and land, than the animals were able to evolve and develop.
Answer:The process uses oxygen and glucose and results in carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and usable energy. Oxygen and glucose are the reactants. Reactants are the substances changed during a chemical reaction. Carbon dioxide and water are the products.
Explanation: hopefully this helps ( i learned this like two years ago )
