The property of electrons that affects the molecular shape is the charge. Electrons, which all have negative charges, will repel each other when positioned side by side. The more lone pairs of electron present, there will be higher repulsion among them, which affects the whole geometry of the compound.
From this, a greater amount of hydrogen bonding can take place between water molecules than between methanol molecules. Thus a greater amount of thermal energy is needed to overcome these intermolecular forces for water, leading to its boiling point being higher than methanol.
Answer:
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Explanation:
Symbiology of nuclear isotopes can be written in one of two ways. That is, for the symbiology Ni-63, the '63' represents the nuclear isotopic mass and represents the sum of the number of neutrons and protons. When expressed in subscript and superscript notation Ni-63 becomes ₂₈Ni⁶³ where '28' is the atomic number and represents the number of protons (p⁺) in the nucleus and the number '63', as mentioned above, represents the number of neutrons and protons. Thus, for any isotope the number of protons can NOT change or the element changes but the number of neutrons can change giving the various isotopes of a given element. Example: Oxygen exists in 3 primary isotopes, O-16, O-17 & O-18. Since the atomic number of oxygen is always 8 (i.e., 8 protons), writing it into the symbiology is optional => ₈O¹⁶, ₈O¹⁷ & ₈O¹⁸. However, the number of neutrons can change and is always listed in the symbiology by X-(mass no.) or ₐXᵇ, where a = # of protons (atomic no.) and b = #protons + #neutrons.
For determining the numbers of protons and neutrons, remember the large number is always a superscript (p⁺ + n°) and the smaller number always the subscript (p⁺). So, number of neutrons, therefore, can be easily be determined by 'superscript - subscript' = (p⁺ + n°) - (p⁺) = number of n°.
For nuclear equations, the mass and charge must balance for reactants and products. That is, ∑reactant superscripts = ∑product superscripts and ∑reactant subscripts = ∑product subscripts.
Given Ni-63 as decaying by β⁻ emissions (high energy electrons => ₋₁e°), one writes ...
₂₈Ni⁶³ => ₐXᵇ + ₋₁e° => ₂₈Ni⁶³ => ₂₉Cu⁶³ + ₋₁e°
Note: ∑reactant superscripts (63) = ∑product superscripts (63 + 0) and ∑reactant subscripts (28) = ∑product subscripts [(29 + (-1)].
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The balanced skeleton reactions are given below
2CrO₄²⁻(aq) + 3Cu(s) +8(l) → 2Cr(OH)₃(s) + 3Cu(OH)₂(s) + 6(aq)
The oxidising agent and reducing agents are Cr and Cu .
There are following steps involve in balance redox reaction in basic medium .
- First divide the reaction into two half reactions which give oxidation and reduction half reaction.
- Then balance the elements other than oxygen and hydrogen atom.
- Balance the oxygen atom by adding where number of oxygen is less .
- Balance the hydrogen atom by adding on another side of where water molecule added.
- Add ions to both sides to neutralize ion.
- Combine and ion to make .
- Balance the charge by adding .
The species which reduces the other species in the redox reaction is called oxidizing agent . Similarly , the species which oxidize the other species in the redox reaction is called reducing agent .
To learn more about reducing agents please click here ,
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