Answer:
Mutations in genetic code occurs when DNA is being duplicated.Any changes in the base pairs leads to mutations by trasition or transversion. Change in amino acid leads to change in sequence and thus, mutation. This si carried on to new generation, if it takes place in germ cells.
Answer: absolute certainty is often difficult to achieve. Scientific uncertainty generally means that there is a range of possible values within which the true value of the measurement lies.
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Let us look at the what, why and how of studying extreme places like the deep earth and the deep space. Scientists need to figure out as to 'what' they want to look at such places, be it a new exotic creature or bio-genesis (birth of life). Unless there are several testable hypothesis constructed, such a study cannot begin. The 'why' aspect deals with the purpose of such research and expeditions. Is it of any use to the humans, or will it improve our current understanding of a phenomenon? The 'how' aspect deals with the technology and the economic assistance that can help in undertaking such a research. All these are the challenges that needed to be thoroughly considered to make such a research or expedition possible.
There are many environmental negative direct outcomes of unused excess nitrogen from nitrogenous fertilizers. One of these is eutrophication. Eutrophication is the excessive richness of nutrients in a water body as a result of fertilizer run offs from the land, which causes a dense growth of plants in the water. Other negative outcomes are: green house effects, acid rain and contamination of underground water which has negative effects on human health.
Centipedes are carnivores, they use venom to kill their prey. They are preyed upon by birds, toads and shrews.
