a)BH3.THF is used to convert 1-pentane to pentanoic acid and b)NaCN is used to convert Bromobutane to pentanoic acid.
a) The conversion of 1-pentane to pentanoic acid using BH3, also known as hydroboration-oxidation, is a two-step reaction involving the reaction of 1-pentane with borane (BH3), followed by oxidation of the resulting 1-pentylborane with hydrogen peroxide or other oxidizing agents.
In the first step, 1-pentane reacts with borane (BH3) to form 1-pentylborane, through a process known as hydroboration. This reaction is catalyzed by a Lewis acid, such as aluminum chloride, and proceeds via a hydride transfer from the borane to the 1-pentane.
In the second step, the 1-pentylborane is oxidized to pentanoic acid using hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) or other suitable oxidizing agents. The oxidation is catalyzed by an acid, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl), and proceeds via a proton transfer from the 1-pentylborane to the hydrogen peroxide. The end result is the conversion of 1-pentane to pentanoic acid.
The overall chemical reaction for the conversion of 1-pentane to pentanoic acid using borane (BH₃) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is as follows:
1-pentane + BH₃ + H₂O₂ → pentanoic acid + H₂O + BH₂
b)The conversion of 1-Bromo butane to pentanoic acid using sodium cyanide (NaCN) proceeds via a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The reaction mechanism involves the following steps:
1. Attack of the nucleophile, NaCN, on the carbon atom of 1-Bromo butane to form a tetrahedral intermediate.
2. Loss of a proton from the tetrahedral intermediate to form a carbanion.
3. Protonation of the carbanion by water (or another proton source) to form pentanoic acid.
The overall reaction can be represented as follows:
1-Bromo butane + NaCN → Pentanoic Acid + NaBr
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