Increased use of nuclear energy is increased power sources to other places.
Answer:
The perception of pain throughout the body arises when neural signals originating from the terminals of nociceptors are propagated to second-order neurons in the spinal cord or brainstem, whereupon they are transmitted to specific higher-order brain areas (Price, 2000). Recent studies have begun to elucidate some of the molecular mechanisms underlying the transduction of noxious stimuli. Many stimuli have been found to activate ion channels present on nociceptor terminals that act as molecular transducers to depolarize these neurons, thereby setting off nociceptive impulses along the pain pathways (Price, 2000; Costigan and Woolf, 2000). Among these ion channels are the members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family. To date, the most studied member of the TRP family is the TRPV1 receptor. This is because it is the only one activated by capsaicin, the compound in chili pepper responsible for its “hot” taste; also, inhibiting TRPV1 has been shown to have therapeutic value (DiMarzo et al., 2002; Cortright and Szallasi, 2004). Although we will focus on the presence of these channels in nociceptors, we note that they have been identified in many other cell types and in various cortical and subcortical areas (Toth et al., 2005). The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel is predicted to have six transmembrane domains and a short, pore-forming hydrophobic stretch between the fifth and sixth transmembrane domains (see Figure 5.1A). It is activated not only by the vanilloid capsaicin (Caterina et al., 1997), but also by noxious heat (>43°C) and low pH (Caterina et al., 1997; Tominaga et al., 1998), voltage (Gunthorpe et al., 2000; Piper et al., 1999), and various lipids (Julius and Basbaum, 2001; Caterina and Julius, 2001; Clapham, 2003; Cortright and Szallasi, 2004, Szallasi and Blumberg, 1999; Prescott and Julius, 2003; Jung et al., 2004; Bhave et al., 2003). In cells, TRPV1 is inactivated by its binding to PIP2 and is released from this block by PLC-mediated PIP2 hydrolysis (Prescott and Julius, 2003). TRPV1 is widely expressed in central nervous system (CNS) tissue and highly expressed in sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglion [19]. This receptor also localizes to neurons that line the oral and nasal cavities [10], where it is found in a subpopulation of sensory afferent nociceptive nerve fibers [20].
(this is for question 1.)
Explanation:
Biodiesel (D) is made from vegetable oils and animal fats.
Answer:
Excitation-contraction coupling refers to the events that link the action potentials on the sarcolemma to activation of the <u>Ca+ channels </u> . It begins with the arrival of the <u>action potential</u> at the neuromuscular junction.
Explanation:
The action potential travels from the neuron and it is transmitted to the muscle through the neuromuscular junction, which is the place where the neuron and the muscle join. Once that the action potential is in the muscle this will open Ca+ channels in order to let the Ca+ enter the muscle fiber and produce the contraction in the sarcomere.
Well considering how far you want to go back, back in the witch trial days, science wasn't even practiced because it was believed to be tied into witchcraft. but in the medieval times, they believed that science should follow the teachings of the church, anything outside of the church's beliefs were labeled as "hypocrisy." hope this helped! feel free to ask me anything ^^<span />
