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lukranit [14]
2 years ago
7

Explain the all-or-none law of action potentials and describe the effect of increased stimulus strength on action potential prod

uction. How do the refractory periods affect the frequency of action potential production
Biology
1 answer:
Schach [20]2 years ago
6 0

If the stimulus reaches the threshold an action potential will be generated. If the stimulus doesn't reach it no action potential will be generated. If the stimulus will be stronger the action potential will have the same amplitude. The refractory period makes it harder to generate an action potential so they decrease the frequency of action potential production.

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What is the benefit of doing group work in class? Are there any drawbacks?
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5 0
3 years ago
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How do frogs utilize extensor and flexor muscles in order to swim, jump, and do other frog things efficiently; include specific
ahrayia [7]
<span>The structure of the feet and legs varies greatly among frog species, depending in part on whether they live primarily on the ground, in water, in trees or in burrows. Frogs must be able to move quickly through their environment to catch prey and escape predators, and numerous adaptations help them to do so. Most frogs are either proficient at jumping or are descended from ancestors that were, with much of the musculoskeletal morphology modified for this purpose. The tibia, fibula, and tarsals have been fused into a single, strong bone, as have the radius and ulna in the fore limbs (which must absorb the impact on landing). The metatarsals have become elongated to add to the leg length and allow the frog to push against the ground for a longer period on take-off. The illium has elongated and formed a mobile joint with the sacrum which, in specialist jumpers such as ranids and hylids, functions as an additional limb joint to further power the leaps. The tail vertebrae have fused into a urostyle which is retracted inside the pelvis. This enables the force to be transferred from the legs to the body during a leap </span>
<span>The muscular system has been similarly modified. The hind limbs of ancestral frogs presumably contained pairs of muscles which would act in opposition (one muscle to flex the knee, a different muscle to extend it), as is seen in most other limbed animals. However, in modern frogs, almost all muscles have been modified to contribute to the action of jumping, with only a few small muscles remaining to bring the limb back to the starting position and maintain posture. The muscles have also been greatly enlarged, with the main leg muscles accounting for over 17% of the total mass of the frog.</span>
7 0
3 years ago
In whole-genome shotgun sequencing, the chromosome is cut into pieces, the pieces are sequenced, and the sequences are aligned b
Lesechka [4]

Answer:

CCAGGCC

CCATCGA

GGCCATC

CAT

AGGCCAT

CATCGAG

Explanation:

Shotgun sequencing is a method used to determine the nucleotide sequence of entire chromosomes/genomes. This sequencing method consists of obtaining random DNA fragments which are subsequently classified by bioinformatic tools that ordering them according to overlapping sequences called contigs. In the whole-genome shotgun (WGS) technique, the entire genome of an organism is sequenced, being the critical factor the depth of sequencing, which refers to the quality of the sequencing reads (e.g., a depth of 20X indicates that the genome is sequenced 20 times by a sequencing machine). For the human genome, WGS became available after the completion of the Human Genome Project (HGP), which enabled the generation of a reference sequence for the whole human genome. The steps of the WGS technique are the following:

1. Preparation of isolated chromosomes

2. The DNA is sheared into small fragments

3. The DNA fragments of about 1 kilobase (1000 base pairs) are incorporated into plasmids which are cloned to render pure samples of each DNA fragment

4. The plasmid clones are sequenced by sequencing machines

5. Bioinformatic tools finally are used to link DNA fragments by their overlapping ends

3 0
2 years ago
Compare skeletal and smooth muscle tissue in terms of structure and function.
Vitek1552 [10]
The answer would be, if I understand correctly, skeletal and smooth muscle tissue both help the body move, and give the body form. The skeletal structure give the body structure, and the muscles help the body move.
7 0
3 years ago
How can you distinguish between animal and plant cells under the microscope?
IRISSAK [1]

Answer:

the shape

Explanation:

If it’s round it would be animal and if it’s square-like it would be plant cell. Hope this helps!

4 0
1 year ago
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