Answer:
<u>b. learning occurs independently of reinforcement</u>
Explanation:
Edward C. Tolman was one of the famous American psychologists who was best known for his research on 'cognitive maps', latent learning theory, cognitive behaviorism, and intervening variable.
According to Tolman, an individual has the capability of doing more than merely responding to certain stimuli, instead, he or she acts on attitudes, beliefs, strive towards specific goals, and a few changing conditions. He was considered as the only behaviorists who don't accept the "stimulus-response theory", as he believed that reinforcement wasn't required for learning.
In the question above, the correct answer is option-b.
The 8th amendment. this amendment prohibits excessively high bail and fines as well as cruel and unusal punishment. think of this as the amendment that ensures the punishment fits the crime.
<u>Science</u> is a systematic way of learning about the world through observations and experiments that lead to a pool of knowledge.
Answer: Option D
<u>Explanation: </u>
The structured learning way about the universe via theories and practical scenarios to gain knowledge is called science. Physics, Engineering are some of the best examples of it. It simply presents based on proper research.
Pseudoscience is mostly the unproven strategies or theories that consider to be a scientific one. The theory refers to the group of concepts that explains something in a detailed manner. Psychology is defined as a study of one’s behavior and mentality scientifically.
The definition of political anthropology is the study of political systems as the basic structure of a society
Source: http://www.yourdictionary.com/political-anthropology
