How do the genes in our DNA influence our characteristics? For example, how can a gene determine
whether a person is an albino with very pale skin and hair?
Basically, a gene is a segment of DNA that provides the instructions for making a protein, and
proteins influence our characteristics. This chart describes how two different versions of a gene result
in two different versions of a protein which in turn can result in either normal skin and hair color or
albinism.
DNA Protein Characteristic
Version of the gene that provides
instructions to make
normal protein enzyme
Normal enzyme that makes the
pigment molecule in skin and
hair
Normal skin and hair
color
Version of the gene that provides
instructions to make
defective enzyme
Defective enzyme that does
not make this pigment
molecule
Albinism (very pale
skin and hair)
A gene directs the synthesis of a protein by a two-step process.
The first step is transcription of the gene in the DNA.
Transcription produces a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.
The second step is translation of the mRNA molecule.
Translation produces a protein molecule.
During transcription, the sequence of
nucleotides in a gene in the DNA is
copied to a corresponding sequence
of nucleotides in mRNA.
During translation, the sequence of
nucleotides in the mRNA determines
the sequence of amino acids in the
protein.
After translation, the sequence of amino acids in the protein determines the structure and function of
the protein. Differences in protein function can influence characteristics such as normal skin and hair
color vs. albinism.
They study and do lots of research
It acts as biological catalysts, which can speed up the chemical reactions, it can fit substrates into its active site and produce a product, but the enzyme shape is not changed and it can be reused. just unless the enzyme meets high temperature or extreme pH values, which will denature them
To line the airways and make mucus, which lubricates and protects the lung
There are numerous different cell types in the lungs. Epithelial cells make up the majority of lung cells. Mucus is produced by epithelial cells that line the airways and coat and shield the lung. Additionally, the lung cells contain blood, nerve, hormone-producing, and structural or supporting cells.
Air enters your lungs when you inhale (breath), and the oxygen in that air travels to your blood. A waste gas called carbon dioxide travels from your blood to your lungs at the same time and is exhaled (breathed out). Gas exchange is a procedure that is vital to life.
the bronchiolar epithelial cells, also known as airway cells, which are bordered with smooth muscle, and the alveolar epithelial cells, which make up the tiny sacs where gas exchange occurs
To learn more about epithelial cells in the lungs please visit
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