Answer:
9. Humanism: emphasis on human potential and achievement. Doctrine promoting the welfare of mankind.
Humanism in the Renaissance made people want to learn more to be able to accomplish more.
10. Secular: concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters
Politicians are the secular leaders of society
11. Patron: people that buy art or financially support artists
The Medici family were great patrons of the arts in the Renaissance.
12. Perspective: a way of looking at things
The photo of the tree in my backyard from my house has a completely different perspective than my neighbor's house.
13. Vernacular: the common language of the people
Shakespeare's plays were popular because they were not in Latin; they were written in the vernacular.
14. Utopia: Sir Thomas More (1477 - 1535) coined the word 'utopia' from the Greek ou-topos meaning 'no place' or 'nowhere'. It was a pun - the almost identical Greek word eu-topos means 'a good place'.
We'd all like to live in utopia to get away from illness and fighting.
15. Johann Gutenberg: Creator of the printing press
The first Bible not copied by hand was printed on Johann Gutenberg's printing press in Germany.
16. Indulgence: a pardon that releases the sinner from their penalty of sin
Corrupt priests sold indulgences to wealthy members of society who had sinned.
17. Reformation: a movement of religious reform
Martin Luther started the Reformation to try to get the Catholic church to stop being corrupt
18. Annul: declare invalid
Henry VIII wanted the church to annul his marriage so he could marry someone else
19. Council of Trent: a meeting held by the Catholic Church to try to stop everyone from going to a protestant church.
The Council of Trent was the Catholic Church's counter-reformation attempt.
20. Jesuits: followers of the society of Jesus
Jesuits founded many academic institutions that are still open today
21. Anabaptistism: the belief that baptism should only be administered to believing adults.
Because they preached anabaptism, they refused to baptize the baby in front of them.
22. Calvanism: Protestant belief system started by John Calvin.
Calvanism believes people are saved/can go to heaven by faith alone and believe that our lives are predestined. We can't change what is going to happen.
