Microtubules and microfilaments are made from proteins that are shaped like balls solid rods balls thin sheets hollow tubes.
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the polar heads interact with water; the nonpolar tails do not.
Answer;
High-energy electrons pump hydrogen ions against the concentration gradient.
Explanation;
-The electron transport chain sets up a proton concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, with more protons outside the membrane.
-As a result of this gradient, the protons are waiting to get across the membrane. This happens through the transmembrane protein ATP synthase, which uses the energy moving protons through its pore to add a phosphate to ADP, thus producing ATP.
