The answer is A i think from the options though the answers are worded a bit weird
Solutions are a type of mixture.
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of particles so small that they cannot be seen and cannot be filtered out.
Definition: Homogeneous mixture looks the same.
I grabbed these from my science notes, hope this helps.
Constant Volume Calorimetry, also know as bomb calorimetry, is used to measure the heat of a reaction while holding volume constant and resisting large amounts of pressure. Although these two aspects of bomb calorimetry make for accurate results, they also contribute to the difficulty of bomb calorimetry. In this module, the basic assembly of a bomb calorimeter will be addressed, as well as how bomb calorimetry relates to the heat of reaction and heat capacity and the calculations involved in regards to these two topics.
Introduction
Calorimetry is used to measure quantities of heat, and can be used to determine the heat of a reaction through experiments. Usually a coffee-cup calorimeter is used since it is simpler than a bomb calorimeter, but to measure the heat evolved in a combustion reaction, constant volume or bomb calorimetry is ideal. A constant volume calorimeter is also more accurate than a coffee-cup calorimeter, but it is more difficult to use since it requires a well-built reaction container that is able to withstand large amounts of pressure changes that happen in many chemical reactions.
Most serious calorimetry carried out in research laboratories involves the determination of heats of combustion ΔHcombustion" role="presentation" style="display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 14.4px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">ΔHcombustionΔHcombustion, since these are essential to the determination of standard enthalpies of formation of the thousands of new compounds that are prepared and characterized each month. In a constant volume calorimeter, the system is sealed or isolated from its surroundings, and this accounts for why its volume is fixed and there is no volume-pressure work done. A bomb calorimeter structure consists of the following:
Steel bomb which contains the reactantsWater bath in which the bomb is submergedThermometerA motorized stirrerWire for ignition
is usually called a “bomb”, and the technique is known as bomb calorimetry
Another consequence of the constant-volume condition is that the heat released corresponds to qv , and thus to the internal energy change ΔUrather than to ΔH. The enthalpy change is calculated according to the formula
(1.1)ΔH=qv+ΔngRT" role="presentation" style="display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 14.4px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; width: 10000em !important; position: relative;">ΔH=qv+ΔngRT(1.1)(1.1)ΔH=qv+ΔngRT
Δng" role="presentation" style="display: inline-table; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 14.4px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: left; text-transform: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">ΔngΔng is the change in the number of moles of gases in the reaction.
Answer:
The energy required to ionize the ground-state hydrogen atom is 2.18 x 10^-18 J or 13.6 eV.
Explanation:
To find the energy required to ionize ground-state hydrogen atom first we calculate the wavelength of photon required for this operation.
It is given by Bohr's Theory as:
1/λ = Rh (1/n1² - 1/n2²)
where,
λ = wavelength of photon
n1 = initial state = 1 (ground-state of hydrogen)
n2 = final state = ∞ (since, electron goes far away from atom after ionization)
Rh = Rhydberg's Constant = 1.097 x 10^7 /m
Therefore,
1/λ = (1.097 x 10^7 /m)(1/1² - 1/∞²)
λ = 9.115 x 10^-8 m = 91.15 nm
Now, for energy (E) we know that:
E = hc/λ
where,
h = Plank's Constant = 6.625 x 10^-34 J.s
c = speed of light = 3 x 10^8 m/s
Therefore,
E = (6.625 x 10^-34 J.s)(3 x 10^8 m/s)/(9.115 x 10^-8 m)
<u>E = 2.18 x 10^-18 J</u>
E = (2.18 x 10^-18 J)(1 eV/1.6 x 10^-19 J)
<u>E = 13.6 eV</u>
