Coprophagy is important for the nutritional balance of rabbits and their relatives.
The behaviors of the rabbit, rat, mouse, hamster, guinea pig and chinchilla have all been linked to coprophagy, which is the act of an animal re-consuming its own discharged excrement. Cecotrophy is a better name for it.
The omnivorous rats, mice, and hamster display cecotrophy to a lesser level than herbivores' hindgut fermenters like the rabbit, guinea pig, and chinchilla. In order to boost the supply of folic acid and vitamin B12, it may rise during pregnancy and lactation.
Coprophagy is an intrinsic behavior triggered by the reflex, despite the fact that modern diets make it unnecessary for survival.
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A.chromosomes aligning themselves at the equator.
<h3>What distinguishing features of mitosis' metaphase?</h3>
A phase of cell division known as "metaphase" (mitosis or meiosis).Individual chromosomes are typically dispersed throughout the cell nucleus.The chromosomes of the cell condense and move toward one another, aligning in the center of the dividing cell, and the nucleus of the cell disintegrates during metaphase.
<h3>What distinguishes metaphase from other phases?</h3>
Its alignment of a duplicated chromosomes at the metaphase plate, an equatorial plate, is what gives metaphase its name.Via microtubules attached to its kinetochore, one of the sister chromatids is joined to one pole of the cell, and the other sister chromatid is associated to the other pole.
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Ribosomes are where RNA is translated into protein. this process is called protein synthesis.
Answer:
Hepato- and nephrotoxicity of fluoride have been demonstrated in animals, but few studies have examined potential effects in humans. This population-based study examines the relationship between chronic low-level fluoride exposure and kidney and liver function among United States (U.S.) adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate whether greater fluoride exposure is associated with altered kidney and liver parameters among U.S. youth.
This cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2016). We analyzed data from 1983 and 1742 adolescents who had plasma and water fluoride measures respectively and did not have kidney disease. Fluoride was measured in plasma and household tap water. Kidney parameters included estimated glomerular filtration rate (calculated by the original Schwartz formula), serum uric acid, and the urinary albumin to creatinine ratio. Liver parameters were assessed in serum and included alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and albumin. Survey-weighted linear regression examined relationships between fluoride exposure and kidney and liver parameters after covariate adjustment. A Holm-Bonferroni correction accounted for multiple comparisons.
The average age of adolescents was 15.4 years. Median water and plasma fluoride concentrations were 0.48 mg/L and 0.33 μmol/L respectively. A 1 μmol/L increase in plasma fluoride was associated with a 10.36 mL/min/1.73 m2 lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (95% CI: −17.50, −3.22; p = 0.05), a 0.29 mg/dL higher serum uric acid concentration (95% CI: 0.09, 0.50; p = 0.05), and a 1.29 mg/dL lower blood urea nitrogen concentration (95%CI: −1.87, −0.70; p < 0.001). A 1 mg/L increase in water fluoride was associated with a 0.93 mg/dL lower blood urea nitrogen concentration (95% CI: −1.44, −0.42; p = 0.007).
Fluoride exposure may contribute to complex changes in kidney and liver related parameters among U.S. adolescents. As the study is cross-sectional, reverse causality cannot be ruled out; therefore, altered kidney and/or liver function may impact bodily fluoride absorption and metabolic processes.
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