Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the Sun's photosphere that appear as spots darker than the surrounding areas. They are regions of reduced surface temperature caused by concentrations of magnetic field flux that inhibit convection. Sunspots usually appear in pairs of opposite magnetic polarity.
Protoplanets are bodies or celestial objects which have the same size as the moon or a bit bigger. These bodies develop to eventually become planets. Therefore, the answer to this item is most likely letter D. outer planets.
Chemosynthesis is the biological conversion of one or more carbon- containing molecules.
