Answer:
sharing duties and privileges of membership in the polis. being a citizen meant that you are legally belonged, had certain political rights
Explanation:
Giving a rat some food in the same half of the cage as the bar experimenters want it to press is an example of shaping.
<h3>What is
shaping?</h3>
A conditioning paradigm known as shaping is frequently used to analyze behavior in experiments. Differential reinforcement of subsequent approximations is the technique utilized. B. F. Skinner first used pigeons to demonstrate it before expanding to include dogs, dolphins, humans, and other species.
By encouraging behaviors that advance toward the desired behavior, shaping affects behavior (operant response). Organisms can be trained to behave in ways that would only sometimes if ever, happen naturally through shaping.
Methods of Shaping Behavior:
- Positive reinforcement.
- Negative reinforcement.
- Punishment.
- Extinction.
- Schedules of reinforcement.
To know more about B. F. Skinner refer to: brainly.com/question/802392
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Answer:
- These works had significant influence on social, political, and economic reform.
Explanation:
As per the question, the given authors, as well as their texts, had a quite considerable impact on the social, economic, as well as the political realm of the American society. 'How the Other Half Lives' by Jacob Riis displayed the social evils like poverty, widening gap between the poor and rich, corruption, the terrible condition of the immigrants in slums of New York, etc. while 'The Jungle' authored by Upton Sinclair reveals the economic evil of 'wicked and destructive consequences of capitalism.'
In 'The Grapes of Wrath', Steinback discusses the 'condition of migrant workers and inhumanity faced by them' and 'Unsafe at Any Speed' comments upon the 'dangers of style-oriented behavior of American Automobile industry and ignorance of consumer safety act which makes people unsafe at every speed.' Thus, all four texts display significant issues prevalent in American society at the time.
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