The chalk particles embed themselves into the small pores on the surface.
Although a chalkboard seems smooth to the touch, it is quite rough at the microscopic level, with <em>pores</em> that reach below the surface.
When you drag chalk across the board, friction causes small particles of chalk to rub off onto the surface.
If you leave the markings for a long time, some of the chalk particles will work their way into the pores.
A brush will remove the surface particles, but <em>it will not be able to get at the particles in the pores</em>.
A. Covalent bonds is the answer
<span>Many scientific investigations have provided evidence to support this as the best explanation of the data</span>
Answer:

Explanation:
Hello.
In this case, since the neutralization of the acid requires equal number of moles of both acid and base:

Whereas we can express it in terms of concentrations and volumes:

Thus, we can compute the volume of sodium hydroxide (base) as follows:

Best regards.
First, calculate the number of moles of sodium present with the given mass,
31.5 g of sodium x (1 mol sodium/ 23 g sodium) = 1.37 mol sodium
It is given in the equation that for every 2mols of sodium, one mol of H2 is produced.
mols of H2 = (1.37 mols sodium)(1 mol H2/ 2 mols sodium)
mols of H2 = 0.685 mols H2
Then, at STP, 1 mol of gas = 22.4 L.
volume of H2 = (0.685 mols H2)(22.4 L / 1 mol)
volume of H2 = 15.34 L
Answer: 15.34 L