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3 years ago

What are the keys to a strong lab procedure?

Biology

1 answer:

Natali5045456 [20]3 years ago

7 0

Answer:

Purpose: A brief description of why the experiment is being performed. Include details about the experiment, such as the methods used, a specific chemical reaction(s), and/or anticipated product.

Hypothesis: Provide a statement or two about the anticipated outcome of the experiment.

Experimental Procedure: A step-by-step description of the experiment including the chemicals, equipment, and/or methods used. Complete sentences must be used for the description. DO NOT simply copy the procedure from a lab manual or a handout. Condense the given procedure into steps so that you can understand and follow them.

Laboratory Safety: Give a complete, descriptive listing of the safety precautions, hazards, or other safety procedures that are needed for this experiment.

Experimental Data: Record all data resulting from the experiment in your laboratory notebook. The experimental data should be recorded in tabular form. Do not record your experimental data in your laboratory manual.

Observations: This section is used to record any qualitative observations and notes on the changes to the experimental procedure. Sudden bursts of scientific insight or other information during the experiment that may aid in the interpretation of the data generated are to be entered in this section. No points will be awarded when the observations are recorded outside of the laboratory. It is also important that you record your unknown number in this section of your notebook.

Calculations: Present outcome/summary of data analysis using tables, Excel graphs, and/or figures. List separately all pertinent mathematical equations followed by a sample calculation for each. Use the recorded data from the experiment when performing the calculations.

Results/Discussion: Questions that should be addressed in this section may include: Did the experiment work, and if not, why not? Were the results obtained in the experiment those expected based on the laboratory procedure? If the experiment was to be repeated, what improvements would be made? What types of errors occurred and how could they be corrected? How did the observations play a role in the outcome of the experiment? When applicable, you should compare your experimental value(s) to that of a published, literature value(s), commenting on the accuracy of your technique.

Conclusion: Summarize the findings of the experiment, which must include the final results of the experiment, e.g., the percent yield of a reaction, the identity of an unknown, etc. Look back at the purpose and hypothesis of your experiment and assess whether or not you met your goal in performing the experiment.

References: Include all pertinent information such as, your laboratory manual, textbooks, web sites, and any other library resources used in the preparation of your laboratory report.

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When oxygen is available, cellular respiration takes place.

nexus9112 [7]

Cellular respiration is a process that all living things use to convert glucose into energy. Autotrophs (like plants) produce glucose during photosynthesis. Heterotrophs (like humans) ingest other living things to obtain glucose. While the process can seem complex, this page takes you through the key elements of each part of cellular respiration.

Cellular respiration is a collection of three unique metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis is an anaerobic process, while the other two pathways are aerobic. In order to move from glycolysis to the citric acid cycle, pyruvate molecules (the output of glycolysis) must be oxidized in a process called pyruvate oxidation.

Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the first pathway in cellular respiration. This pathway is anaerobic and takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. This pathway breaks down 1 glucose molecule and produces 2 pyruvate molecules. There are two halves of glycolysis, with five steps in each half. The first half is known as the “energy requiring” steps. This half splits glucose, and uses up 2 ATP. If the concentration of pyruvate kinase is high enough, the second half of glycolysis can proceed. In the second half, the “energy releasing: steps, 4 molecules of ATP and 2 NADH are released. Glycolysis has a net gain of 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH.

Some cells (e.g., mature mammalian red blood cells) cannot undergo aerobic respiration, so glycolysis is their only source of ATP. However, most cells undergo pyruvate oxidation and continue to the other pathways of cellular respiration.

Pyruvate Oxidation

In eukaryotes, pyruvate oxidation takes place in the mitochondria. Pyruvate oxidation can only happen if oxygen is available. In this process, the pyruvate created by glycolysis is oxidized. In this oxidation process, a carboxyl group is removed from pyruvate, creating acetyl groups, which compound with coenzyme A (CoA) to form acetyl CoA. This process also releases CO2.

Citric Acid Cycle

The citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle) is the second pathway in cellular respiration, and it also takes place in the mitochondria. The rate of the cycle is controlled by ATP concentration. When there is more ATP available, the rate slows down; when there is less ATP the rate increases. This pathway is a closed loop: the final step produces the compound needed for the first step.

The citric acid cycle is considered an aerobic pathway because the NADH and FADH2 it produces act as temporary electron storage compounds, transferring their electrons to the next pathway (electron transport chain), which uses atmospheric oxygen. Each turn of the citric acid cycle provides a net gain of CO2, 1 GTP or ATP, and 3 NADH and 1 FADH2.

Electron Transport Chain

Most ATP from glucose is generated in the electron transport chain. It is the only part of cellular respiration that directly consumes oxygen; however, in some prokaryotes, this is an anaerobic pathway. In eukaryotes, this pathway takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In prokaryotes it occurs in the plasma membrane.

The electron transport chain is made up of 4 proteins along the membrane and a proton pump. A cofactor shuttles electrons between proteins I–III. If NAD is depleted, skip I: FADH2 starts on II. In chemiosmosis, a proton pump takes hydrogens from inside mitochondria to the outside; this spins the “motor” and the phosphate groups attach to that. The movement changes from ADP to ATP, creating 90% of ATP obtained from aerobic glucose catabolism.

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3 years ago

Which of the following best describes what would happen if the offspring of a fragrant, red rose bush produced flowers with no s

drek231 [11]

The answer is B. The offspring would not cross-fertilize often with other roses.

Scent and colour of the flowers are important for pollination because they will attract pollinators. Flowers with no scent and small, pale petals will attract much fewer pollinators than flowers with scent and large coloured petals. This means those bushes would not cross-fertilize often with other roses.
However, they would not die from a lack of pollinators, nor would produce seeds by asexual reproduction. Also, they would not yield more fruit than the parent rose, their fruit would probably be very small,

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3 years ago

Read 2 more answers

please give 2-3 examples (for each one) of producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, and quaternary

Elis [28]

Producers:

One example of producers found in food chains include plants. They use photosynthesis to make their own food. Examples of plants include trees, grass, moss, flowers, and weeds, to name a few.

Primary consumers are herbivores, feeding on plants. Caterpillars, insects, grasshoppers, termites and hummingbirds are all examples of primary consumers because they only eat autotrophs (plants).

Types of Secondary Consumers
Spiders, snakes, and seals are all examples of carnivorous secondary consumers. Omnivores are the other type of secondary consumer. They eat both plant and animal materials for energy. Bears and skunks are examples of omnivorous secondary consumers that both hunt prey and eat plants.

In the real world, a tertiary consumer can eat many different animals and even plants sometimes. This means that they can actually be carnivorous or omnivorous. Some examples of tertiary consumers include, birds of prey, big cats, and foxes.

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3 years ago

in order to reduce resistance of going to bed for a young child,which of the following should not be used

FrozenT [24]

The following should not be used to reduce the resistance of going to bed for a young child.

Explanation:

If the child feels sleepy at 10.30 pm and you want the child to sleep at 8.30 pm, never force them to the time you want them to good to bed. instead, make the time they feel sleepy as temporary bedtime.
Never to feed them with the heavy diet for making them fall asleep may extend the time of the digestion process or lead to stomach illness during late night.
Avoid stimulating high energy activities like playing outside, running around, watching exciting TV shows.
Don't discuss or argue about bedtime with your child.
Once the child is put to bed immediately leave the room if not that will not allow the child to fall asleep soon .

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4 years ago

What are the keys to a strong lab procedure?​

What are the keys to a strong lab procedure?