Answer:
The correct insulin pathway is described as under:
2. Binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of the insulin receptor
8. Activation of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase
3. Phosphorylation of IRS proteins
6. Phosphorylation of phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K)
4. Conversion of PIP2 to PIP3
7. Activation of PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1)
5. Glut4 receptors transported to the cell membrane
Explanation:
The insulin signaling pathway is described as under:
RTK (receptor tyrosine kinases) which is a receptor for insulin is an extracellular receptor but in contrast to other cell surface receptors it is catalytic in nature. In the absence of insulin (ligand), it is monomeric but as soon as it gets activated (activation occurs upon ligand binding), it undergo dimerization. It leads to auto-phosphorylation in it's tyrosine residue which subsequently leads to phosphorylation of tyrosine residue of other receptors. Such hyper-phosphorylated receptor have high affinity with enzyme/molecule like IRS protein which have SH2 domain . IRS down stream activates phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K). This enzyme converts component of animal cell membrane PIP2 into PIP3. PIP3 also remains membrane bound but it has the potential to phosphorylate another enzyme named as PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1). Further, PDK1 leads to the activation of Akt or PK-B. Akt is a serine-threonine kinase which ultimately leads to the recruitment of Glut4 receptors on cell membrane for uptake of more and more glucose into the cell.
Note: Apart from this Akt also phosphorylates another protein named as FOXO which ultimately causes cell growth, Akt can also phosphorylate BAD protein so as to restrict cell apoptosis or we can say it leads to cell survival, Akt also leads to translation in a cell with the help of mTOR raptor etc.
Answer:
A gas-powered lawn mower is a complex machine because for it to function it does more than one motion. For example, it has a wheel and axle system so it can move when powered. And it has a system of simple machines and other parts that are put together to accomplish the task of cutting grass.
Explanation:
Explanation:
In a covalent bond, there is sharing of the donated electron by two atomic species having very small electronegative differences between them.
Oxidation is the loss of electrons by a specie and it usually lead to an increase in oxidation number.
Reduction is the gain of electrons by a specie. It leads to a lower oxidation number.
Since there is no actual loss of gain of electrons in a covalent body, the electronegativiy is at work.
Electronegativity is the ability of a specie to draw the shared electrons more to itself in a covalent bond.
- Between two atoms bonded covalently, the more electronegative specie draws the electrons closer.
- This leaves a partial negative charge on it.
- The other electron then becomes partially positively charged.
- We can then say, the more electronegative specie undergoes reduction.
- The less electronegative one undergoes oxidation.
learn more:
Covalent bond brainly.com/question/3064597
Oxidation and reduction brainly.com/question/2278247
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That property is called h<span>ydrogen bonding. </span>
