Answer:
C. Geologic time scale
Explanation:
The geologic time scale (GTS) is a system of chronological dating that classifies geological strata (stratigraphy) in time. It is used by geologists, paleontologists, and other Earth scientists to describe the timing and relationships of events in geologic history.
Population decreases by 15.
Birth rate means more population (positive), death rate means less population (negative), immigration means more (positive), and emigration means less (negative). So, just add and subtract the appropriate numbers:

Negative 15 people means that the population decreases by 15.
1. - control.
2. - quantitive data
3. - qualitative data
4. - observation