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A bottom-up system concentrates attention on how resources (space and nutrients) influence higher trophic forms , whereas a top-down system focuses on interactions at top level consumers (predators) and their prey influence on lower trophic forms.
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The make energy from sunlight through photosynthesis.
At the time of this writing, the most recently available statistics pertain to 2010, at which point the World Bank reported that about 37.7 percent of the world's total land area was considered agricultural land, while approximately 10.6 percent was considered arable.
Variations in evolution usually refers to variation of genes at a particular loci. This differs from diversity which is the total of genetic differences within a population. Speciation is the reproductive isolation of a subset of a population.
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