The answers;
1. Termination. Out of the 64 codons, UAG, UAA, and UGA are the stop codons that terminate translation when encountered by the ribosome. These three do not code for any amino acid but rather cause the translation complex to dislocate.
2. Translation. In this process, the ribosome ‘reads’ the codon and brings in a t-RNA with an anticodon to the codon. This tRNA carries a specific amino acid (for that codon) and engages in the P-site of the ribosome. The amino acid is taken from the t-RNA and used to elongate the polypeptide chain being formed. Thereafter the empty t-RNA dislocates.
3. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. When a tRNA brings in an amino acid to the initiation complex, it is dislocated when ‘empty’. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase then catalyzes the reattachment of another amino acid through a chemical reaction called esterification. The cognate tRNA then become an aminoacyl-tRNA.
4. tRNA . Every tRNA has an amino acid attached to it. The type of amino acid (out of the 22 amino acids) is determined by the anticodon on the tRNA. There are many codons that are amino acids meaning that there are redundant codons that specify for the same amino acid.
5. Initiation. Initiation begins by the formation of an initiation complex. This complex is comprosed by the two subunits of the ribosome, and the mRNA. The complex becomes compelete when a Met-tRNA (a tRNA with a methionine amino acid) engages the P-site and then translation begins.
Answer:
5' → 3' direction or 3'- hydroxyl
Explanation:
DNA replication takes place in the direction from 5' to 3' prime because the template strand is read along 3' to 5' direction and complementary strand is made in opposite direction of template strand during replication.
The new nucleotide that is added on the free 3' hydroxyl end of ribose sugar by phosphodiester bond in the new complementary strand. 3' to 5' phosphodiester linkage makes the backbone of polynucleotide.
In DNA synthesis adenine pairs with thymine with two hydrogen bonds and guanine pairs with cytosine with three hydrogen bonds. So the correct answer is 5' → 3' direction or 3'- hydroxyl.
During transcription process in the nucleus, the information for synthesis of a particular protein is copied on to mRNA.
mRNA then leaves the nucleus with this information in code, and enters the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome. Ribosome are the "work benches" of the cell and it is here that proteins are made.
In the ribosome, transfer RNA or tRNA recognizes a triplet of bases e.g. GCA on the attached mRNA and decodes it. This is called the translation process. Once tRNA has determined which amino acid corresponds to that triplet, it fetches that amino acid from the pool of free amino acids in the cytoplasm and into the ribosome where it is linked with other amino acids into a chain to form the protein.
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