by using molecular clocks which are based on the mutation rates among molecular sequences (e.g., DNA sequences). The mutation rate can be used to estimate the times of divergence between sequences (in this case, between duplicated sequences in the target species and non-duplicated sequences in the most recent common ancestor).
Explanation:
A molecular clock is a technique that uses the mutation rate (μ) to measure the association between evolutionary rate and time. A mutation rate can be used to estimate the time in prehistory when two or more molecular sequences diverged. For example, assuming a generation time of 20 years, a species that has 100 mutations per generation is divided by 20 years to yield a mutation rate equal to 5 mutations per year. In consequence, the times of divergence can be estimated by dividing half of the target genomic region length (in nucleotides) by the mutation rate (t = d/2 ÷ μ).
Bacteria that change nitrogen gas from the atmosphere into solid nitrogen usable by plants are called nitrogen-fixing bacteria. These bacteria are found both in the soil and in symbiotic relationships with plants.
the decomposer is missing. The rabbit is the herbivore, the rasberry bush is the producer, and the owl is the consumer. The decompoer is the only thing not on there.
The mixture of microbes allows the host animal to produce a much wider variety of digestive enzymes, far more than the host could encode in their own genome
The microbes in the gut of ruminants include bacteria,fungi and protozoa
These microbes helps the ruminant animals to digest food,without the microbes these animals would die
The microbes break down feed to produce volatile fatty acids, which are used by the cow(ruminant animal) as energy for maintenance and milk production
The members of the phylum arthropoda have jointed legs. the number of jointed legs are variable, may be three pairs as in cockroaches, four pairs in prawns and even hundred pairs in centipedes. Members of this phylum have ability to shed their their exoskeleton(molting) and body is divided into three fused segments - head, thorax and abdomen.
