Answer:
In 1928, Fred Griffith performed an experiment revealing that genetic material can be passed between two different stains of the bacteria.
Explanation:
In 1928, Frederick Griffith, a British bacteriologist conducted some experiments to develop a pneumonia vaccine. He used mice and two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria, known as R and S in his experiments.
The live R strain bacteria had a rough appearance and were nonvirulent. When he injected R bacteria into mice, they did not cause pneumonia. The live S strain bacteria had a smooth appearance due to their polysaccharide coating and were virulent. When injected into mice, the mice died as a result of pneumonia. The polysaccharide coating protected the S bacteria from the immune system of the mice.
Griffith then injected mice with heat-killed S bacteria (the heat killed the bacterial cells) and they did not cause pneumonia in mice. But when he injected a combination of non-lethal R bacteria and non-lethal heat-killed S bacteria into mice, the mice died from pneumonia. When he examined the blood sample from the dead mice, he found that the blood sample contained live S bacteria. This finding leads him to the conclusion that the nonvirulent R-strain bacteria had been "transformed" into virulent and lethal S-strain bacteria by taking up a "transforming principle" from the heat-killed S bacteria.
This experiment was then used for additional experiments conducted by Avery, McCarty, McLeod and then by Hershey and Chase. They found the evidence that the transforming principle from Griffith's experiment was actually the hereditary material, DNA. The DNA of the S strain bacteria had survived the heating process. This DNA that contains the genes for the production of the protective polysaccharide coating was taken up by the R strain bacteria. The transformed R strain bacteria were now protected from their host's immune system and this process of transferring genetic information between different bacterial strains is known as transformation.
<u>Answer</u>:
<em>Sodium potassium pump works by following several steps.
</em>
<u>Explanation</u>:
<em>1. Carrier protein binds three molecules of Na+
</em>
<em>2. ATP is split, phosphate bonds to carrier.
</em>
<em>3. Carrier protein changes shape, and deposits Na on the outside of the cell.
</em>
<em>4. Carrier binds two molecules of K
</em>
<em>5. Phosphate is released.
</em>
<em>6. Potassium is released inside the cell
</em>
Sodium -potassium pump is essential to maintain the concentration of sodium and potassium outside and inside the cell respectively.
It is the function of sodium potassium pump to transport sodium out of the cell and potassium inside of the cell against a concentration gradient.
<em>Thus it is an active transport mechanism.
</em>
Which of the following statements by the nurse is most appropriate when addressing a client with a barbiturate overdose who awakens in a confused state and exhibits stable vital signs?
1. "I'm here to help you beat your drug habit. But it's you who will need to work hard."
2. "It's time to get straight and stay clean and put an end to your torture."
3. "I'm glad you pulled through; it was touch and go with you for a while."
4. "You're in the hospital because of a drug problem; I'm one of the nurses who will help you."
Answer:
4. "You're in the hospital because of a drug problem; I'm one of the nurses who will help you."
Explanation:
Clients like the client in the question given above, who is in a confused state, need to be addressed in a calm and reassuring manner and in easy to understand terms. This would enable the client to better understand his situation and allay whatever anxiety that might arise.
Statement 1, 2 and 3 all contain vague and confusing words that seem judgmental, which will only confuse the patient the more and make him anxious.
Statement 4 is the most appropriate statement the nurse can make in addressing the client in his confused state of mind.
Answer:
increased solar radiation
Explanation:
during summer the solar radiation can increase the bleaching of shallow living corals as tides gets lower the solar radiation increases
It is nonliving because it is just more metal, except it is changing.
