Th memory cells differ from the effector cells in that the memory cells live longer. Two types of cells are produced by the clonal selection, these are the effector cells and the memory cells. Effector cells are relatively short lived activated cells that defend the body in an immune response. Effector B cells are called plasma cells and secrete antibodies, and activated T cells include cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells, which carry out cell-mediated responses. The production of effector cells in response first time exposure to an antigen is called the primary immune response. The memory produced at this time and only become active in case of a re-exposure to the same antigen that stimulated their formation.
Answer:
D
because trough is the lowest or the minimum point and here D represents it.
:))
To genetically manipulate organisms
Answer:
1. The primary way that fungi reproduce and spread their species on Earth is through spores. These spores are carried by the wind or by other organisms.
2. The role of mycorrhizae in plants is that they live in the roots of plants and turn unusable matter into minerals and water for the plants. The plants also provide energy and a place for the mycorrhiza to live.
3. The three main substances that fungi convert into usable forms for other organisms are phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon.
4. Fungi break down organic matter and convert it into usable nutrients.
5. It's helpful that fungi attack and kill other organisms that are parasitic because these parasitic organisms can wreak havoc on the ecosystem. The fungi help to protect other species and populations by controlling and curbing the growth of the parasitic organism.
Explanation:
Penn Foster
