is the type of orbital hybridization of a central atom that has one lone pair and bonds to four other atoms.
In the context of valence bond theory, orbital hybridization (or hybridisation) refers to the idea of combining atomic orbitals to create new hybrid orbitals (with energies, forms, etc., distinct from the component atomic orbitals) suited for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds.
For instance, the valence-shell s orbital joins with three valence-shell p orbitals to generate four equivalent sp3 mixes that are arranged in a tetrahedral configuration around the carbon atom to connect to four distinct atoms.
Hybrid orbitals are symmetrically arranged in space and are helpful in the explanation of molecular geometry and atomic bonding characteristics. Usually, atomic orbitals with similar energies are combined to form hybrid orbitals.
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