Answer:
There are many methods used by the scientists to study the change of earth's atmosphere and climate over the past million years. The study is called paleoclimatology. Since there are no measurement tools during those era, it studies the past by using proxy data. Proxy data includes earth's sediments, tree rings, historical archives, ice cores, and etc.
Explanation:
The flu vaccine changes every year. The flu vaccine is based on a predicted strain that is anticipated to be the most infectious that year. Thats why people who sometimes get the vaccination still get the flu, they don't have the antibodies for the strain they were infected with. Strains for viral disease don't change very much and usually the vaccination for them cover them well.
Answer:
c. ¼ heavy, ¾ light
Explanation:
DNA replication follows semi conservative model which means that both the strands separate during replication and the newly formed DNA molecule has one old and one new strand. If instead of semi conservative, conservative mechanism is used, old strands will not separate from each other and the two newly synthesised DNA strands will come together to form a DNA molecule.
Here the cells were first grown in heavy 15N medium so all the DNA molecules had 15N and thus were heavy. Then the cells were transferred to 14N medium where only lighter 14N were available for replication process.
In first generation, 14N DNA molecules were synthesised from 15N DNA molecules so 1/2 DNA molecules were 15N and other half were 14N. In the second generation, 14N molecules will give rise to new 14N molecules and 15N molecules will also give rise to 14N molecules hence 1/4 molecules will be 15N (heavy) and 3/4 will be 14N (light).
A. they are drugs or hormones used to prevent osteoporosis