We're given the vectors
(a) Two vectors are perpendicular if their dot product is zero. For instance, and are not perpendicular because
You'll find that none of these vectors taken two at a time are perpendicular to each other.
(b) Recall for any two vectors and that
where is the angle between and . If these vectors are parallel, then the angle between them is 0 rad or π rad, meaning they point in the same or in opposite directions, respectively.
We have cos(0) = 1 and cos(π) = -1, so
For instance, we know that
and we have
so and are indeed parallel and point in opposite directions, since -11 = - √11 × √11.
On the other hand, and are not parallel, since
and clearly 3 ≠ ±11/3.
It turns out that (a, b) is the only pair of parallel vectors.
(c) The cosine of an angle measuring between 0 and π/2 rad is positive, so you just need to check the sign of
For instance, we know and are parallel and have an angle of π rad between them. cos(π) = -1, so this pair doesn't qualify. Meanwhile, the angle between
so and do qualify.
You'd find that the pairs ((a, c), (a, d), (a, g), (c, d), (c, g), (d, g)).
(d) An angle between π/2 and π has a negative cosine. None of the vectors are perpendicular to each other, so this happens for the remaining pairs, ((a, b), (b, c), (b, d), (b, g)).