Question

As we learned, astrology and phrenology are considered pseudosciences because they are either not testable or cannot be verified objectively. Think of one other discipline that could be considered a pseudoscience and explain why the content would not be testable or able to be verified objectively.
What principles of science (like facts, laws, and theories) might help explain why similar investigations conducted in many parts of the world could result in the same outcome?

What makes the peer-review process important to our society? Explain your answer.

Give an example of a question that can be answered by science and a question that could be better answered by philosophy.

Why are concerns like safety and recycling important in astronomy, even though the research is often not conducted in a traditional lab?

Answer 1

A pseudoscience, different of actual science, does not use the scientific method:

1. Ask a question or find a problem to solve.
2. Perform research.
3. Establish your hypothesis.
4. Test your hypothesis by conducting an experiment.
5. Make an observation of the outcomes.
6. Analyze the results and draw a conclusion.
7. Present the findings to the community.

The problem with pseudoscience comes at the point 4, as you can't perform experiments to test your hypothesis.

1) Another discipline that could be considered a pseudoscience is, for example, numerology or tarot.

Where both try to explain in some way something, but in neither we can actually perform an experiment to test how true these are.

2) The peer-review is important, as humans are social animals. The opinion of our peers are really important for us, and this also applies for science. As you can see in the last point, you eventually need to present what you found to the scientific community, so eventually, your peers will see and review what you found.

3) A question that can be answered by science is anything that can be studied with an experiment, like:

How much time do you need to boil a cup of water to vaporize it completely?

While a question that can be answered by philosophy would be something that can be studied with a survey, like:

What is the meaning of friendship?

4) Astronomers actually use giant labs, that is called observatories, these are usually located in places with a low population (particularly because these need to have low luminous contamination, so the best ubications are far away from cities). Being in places away from large human populations is really important to recycle in order to not contaminate nor affect the near biodiversity. Safety is more trivial, it is always important, think that astronomers work with really heavy things and are often really far away from the nearest hospital, so having an accident while at work can be really problematic, so they need to take all the safety precautions they can.

If you want to learn more, you can read:

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