One way of learning about the earth's past is by studying fossils. When we find the fossil of a tropical fish, it means that at one time, there existed a warm ocean in the area. Palm trees thrived on a warm climate so we can also deduce that the environment at the time was also warm.
Transversal: A line that intersects two or more points at distinct points is called a transversal.
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On a physical level, crossing over is the exchange of genetic information (DNA mass) from one homologous chromosome to the other. Genetically, crossover results in increased genetic variation in the chromosomes of daughter cells that result from meiosis.
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