Answer:
When you heat ice, the individual molecules gain kinetic energy, but until the temperature reaches the melting point, they don't have energy to break the bonds that hold them in a crystal structure. They vibrate more quickly within their confines as you add heat, and the temperature of the ice goes up.
Classifying compounds as ionic or covalent
If a compound is made from a metal and a non-metal, its bonding will be ionic.
If a compound is made from two non-metals, its bonding will be covalent.
According to Bronsted-Lowry theory acid are donor of protons and bases are acceptors of protons (the hydrogen cation or H⁺).
1) NH₄⁺(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇄ NH₃ + H₃O⁺(aq); the ammonium cation (NH₄⁺) gives proton to water.
2) [Co(H₂O)₆]³⁺ + H₂O ⇌ [Co(H₂O)₅(OH)]²⁺ + H₃O⁺; cobalt cation (Co³⁺) forms complex cation with six molecules of water, which act like acid and gives protons.
3) CH₂NH₃⁺(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇄ CH₂NH₂ + H₃O⁺(aq); H⁺ is cationic form of atomic hydrogen, the hydrated form of the hydrogen cation is the hydronium ion H₃O⁺(aq).
