Answer:
Chief Justice Earl Warren argued in the Brown decision that separate could never be equal because public education—which is a right for every citizen and deserved equal protection in accordance with the Fourteenth Amendment—had separate educational facilities for whites, and for blacks. This implied that both races were treated separately; being separated in such a way could not make them equally protected as expected by the constitution.
One particular organization that fought for racial equality was the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) founded in 1909. For about the first 20 years of its existence, it tried to persuade Congress and other legislative bodies to enact laws that would protect African Americans from lynchings and other racist actions. Beginning in the 1930s, though, the NAACP's Legal Defense and Education Fund began to turn to the courts to try to make progress in overcoming legally sanctioned discrimination. From 1935 to 1938, the legal arm of the NAACP was headed by Charles Hamilton Houston. Houston, together with Thurgood Marshall, devised a strategy to attack Jim Crow laws by striking at them where they were perhaps weakest—in the field of education. Although Marshall played a crucial role in all of the cases listed below, Houston was the head of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund while Murray v. Maryland and Missouri ex rel Gaines v. Canada were decided. After Houston returned to private practice in 1938, Marshall became head of the Fund and used it to argue the cases of Sweat v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma Board of Regents of Higher Education.
Answer:
According to Edwin Lemert, <u>secondary</u> deviance occurs when social reaction intensifies with each act of primary deviance, and the offender becomes stigmatized, accepting the truth of the label.
Explanation:
Edwin Lemert in 1951 stated that secondary deviance is the process of a deviant identity, integrating it into conceptions of self, potentially affecting the individual long term.
