Inevitable manufacturing imperfections in optical fiber leads to birefringence, which is one cause of pulse broadening in fiber-optic communications. Such imperfections can be geometrical (lack of circular symmetry), due to stress applied to the optical fiber and/or due to bending of the fiber.
Answer:
balanced in ACID not BASE
Cr2O7^2-(aq) +3Hg(l) +14 H^1+ ----> 3Hg^2+ + 2Cr^3+(aq) + 7H2O
Answer
Cr2O7^2-(aq) +3Hg(l) +14 H^1+ ----> 3Hg^2+ + 2Cr^3+(aq) + 7H2O
Explanation:
Cr2O7^2-(aq) + Hg(l) ----> Hg^2+(aqH) + Cr^3+(aq)
add H^1+ (acid) to capture the O and make 7 water molecules
Cr2O7^2-(aq) + Hg(l) + H^1+ ----> Hg^2+(aqH) + Cr^3+(aq) + 7H2O
Cr goes from +6 to +3 by gaining 3 e
Hg goes from 0 to +2 by losing 2 e
we need 3 Hg for every 2 Cr
so
Cr2O7^2-(aq) +3Hg(l) +14 H^1+ ----> 3Hg^2+ + 2Cr^3+(aq) + 7H2O
2 Cr on the right and left
Net 12 positive charges on the right and the left
3 Hg on the right and left
14 H on the right and left
the equation is balanced
we cannot balance the equation in a basic solution with OH^1-
we have plenty of O in the dichromate ion. we need to convert it to water which take free H^1+ from the acid
You can stop the burning of methane with water or carbon dioxide extinguishers but problems arise when you try to use this to stop the burning of the magnesium.
Explanation:
To burn magnesium (Mg) and methane (CH₄) you need to react them with oxygen:
2 Mg (s) + O₂ (g) → 2 MgO + heat
CH₄ (g) + 2 O₂ (g) → CO₂ (g) + 2 H₂O (g) + heat
However at that temperatures magnesium (Mg) is able to react with water (H₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂).
Mg (s) + 2 H₂O (l) → Mg(OH)₂ (s) + H₂ (g)
2 Mg (s) + CO₂ (g) → 2 MgO (s) + C (s)
So the safe option to stop the burning of the magnesium is to limit the oxygen in the air.
we have used the following notations:
(s) - solid
(g) - gas
(l) - liquid
Learn more about:
combustion reactions
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<span>Oxygen has 8 protons in its nucleus. </span>
