In the most common method, the male grasps the female around the torso with his forelimbs and fertilizes the eggs as they emerge. The male often grabs the female well in advance of actual egg-laying. Depending on species, mating pairs can remain clasped together for hours, days, even months.
Oviposition and external embryonic developmental features are described in the Tobago glass frog, Hyalinobatrachium orientale. Egg clutches are nearly always laid on the undersides of leaves (one exception); usually leaves of Heliconia sp. are used, but Philodendron and palms may be used in the absence of Heliconia. Clutches contain 28.0 ± 5.3 eggs (mean ± SD) and eggs are 1.86 ± 0.11 mm in diameter. The behavior of one amplectant pair was followed for more than five hours; the pair rotated several times around a small area of the leaf depositing eggs in a tight spiral formation. External embryonic features were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Surface ciliation is extensive up to the time of hatching when it is lost; external gills are short and a cement gland is absent. Hatching gland cells were detectable on the anterodorsal surface of the head from Day 4 after deposition and persisted until at least Day 10, and hatching occurred between Days 9 and 16. During this period, progressive development in tail length, surface pigmentation, intestinal coiling, and oral disc features was observed. Post-hatching larvae reared for six weeks grew 37% in length and tripled in weight, but remained at Gosner Stage 25.
Physical neglect is a term used to describe a condition when a parent does not provide a child with basic physical needs. This means that children do not have conditions to be healthy and safe such as no adequate food, shelter, clothing or healthcare. As a consequence, serious injuries or illness might occur.
