Answer:
a. resolve the branching patterns (evolutionary history) of the Lophotrochozoa
b. (the same, it is repeated)
Explanation:
Nemertios (ribbon worms) and foronids (horseshoe worms) are closely related groups of lofotrocozoa. Lofotrocozoans, or simply trocozoans (= tribomastic celomados with trocophoric larva) are a group of animals that includes annelids, molluscs, endoprocts, brachiopods and other invertebrates. They represent a crucial superphylum for our understanding of the evolution of bilateral symmetry animals. However, given the inconsistency between molecular and morphological data for these groups, their origins were not entirely clear. In the work linked above, the first records of genomes of the Nemertine worm Notospermus geniculatus and the foronid Phoronis australis are presented, along with transcriptomes along the adult bodies. Our phylogenetic analyzes based on the genome place Nemertinos as the sister group of the taxon that contains Phoronidea and Brachiopoda. It is shown that lofotrocozoans share many families of genes with deuterotomes, suggesting that these two groups retain a common genetic repertoire of bilaterals that do not possess ecdisozoans (arthropods, nematodes) or platizoos (platelets, sydermats). Comparative transcriptomics demonstrates that foronid and brachiopod lofophores are similar not only morphologically, but also at the molecular level. Although the lofophore and vertebrates show very different cephalic structures, the lofophorees express the vertebrate head genes and neuronal marker genes. This finding suggests a common origin of the bilaterial pattern of the head, although different types of head will evolve independently in each lineage. In addition, we recorded innate immunity expansions of lineage-specific and toxin-related genes in both lofotrocozoa and deuterostomes. Together, this study reveals a dual nature of lofotrocozoans, in which the conserved and specific characteristics of the lineage shape their evolution.
Answer
C. Electron transport chain
This is true. There are a few websites online that talk about how it happens, I suggest looking them up.
Across nearly seven million years, the human brain has tripled in size. The most likely the reason for the evolution of a larger brain in humans is that a larger brain allows humans to solve complex problems. Large, complex brains enable humans to process and store a lot of information and to interact with each other and with their surroundings better. The brain we now humans have is the largest and most complex of any living primate.
Answer:
The correct answer is - to protect the cells of these secretory glands from pepsin.
Explanation:
Pepsinogen is an inactive form of enzyme pepsin that is released by specific cells called chief cells within the gastric lining Releasing the inactive form of pepsin in preventing the auto-digestion of protective proteins and the cells of these secretory glands in the lining of the digestive tract.
Pepsinogen is activated by acidic pH to pepsin of the stomach lumen and the cell lining of the stomach is protected by mucus lining.
