The Earth is thought to have been formed about 4.6 billion years ago by collisions in the giant disc-shaped cloud of material that also formed the Sun. Gravity slowly gathered this gas and dust together into clumps that became asteroids and small early planets called planetesimals.
Hope that helped ! :)
Answer:
<u>b. learning occurs independently of reinforcement</u>
Explanation:
Edward C. Tolman was one of the famous American psychologists who was best known for his research on 'cognitive maps', latent learning theory, cognitive behaviorism, and intervening variable.
According to Tolman, an individual has the capability of doing more than merely responding to certain stimuli, instead, he or she acts on attitudes, beliefs, strive towards specific goals, and a few changing conditions. He was considered as the only behaviorists who don't accept the "stimulus-response theory", as he believed that reinforcement wasn't required for learning.
In the question above, the correct answer is option-b.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
A projection test is mostly used in clinical settings. Theses test are used to know the qualitative information about the clients.
Protective test has some disadvantages such as:
- These tests do not have standard scales tends to lack both validity and reliability
- Scoring is highly subjective
- The score of the test highly influenced by the subject's attitude and mood.
But some researcher suggested that the projection test such as Rorschach have the supplementary assessment used in conjunction with another diagnostic test that identifies thought disorder and disabilities
