I think your question all turn into lowercases, uppercases, and lowercases are important in genetics because it can differentiate between the dominant and recessive forms.
let me explain at least how to calculate the offspring percentage:
for example, you have Rr crossed with another Rr (R for wrinkled peas and r for smooth peas), you just have to match between the four letters, and you will have four possibilities:
R and R
R and r
r and R
r and r
you will have RR, Rr, Rr, and rr
if we convert into percentages, it will give:
25% RR
50% Rr (there's two Rr so 25 + 25)
25% rr
Water diffuses from the lumen into the interstitial space during the reabsorption of water in the proximal convoluted tubule due to an increase in the interstitium's osmolarity.
Reabsorption is the process by which water and solutes from the PCT are injected into the blood. From the proximal convoluted tubule, the solutes and water go to the interstitium before entering the peritubular capillaries. The majority of the solutes and 99 percent of the water filtered by the nephron must be reabsorbed; all of these chemicals were "absorbed" in the digestive tract. The peritubular and vasa recta capillaries return reabsorbed fluids and chemicals to the circulation.
To learn more about proximal convoluted tubule click here:
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B and C)
They often obtain most of their nutrients through the cell membrane as diffusion is able to take place passively and so at no energy loss to the organism, this can be essential for a single celled organism as they are able to produce a lot less energy due to having fewer mitochondria in comparison to multicellular organisms.
They also require few resources as single celled organisms are very small and so require only a small amount of raw resources for respiration because they have a small energy demand to meet.
Child proof means that its child-approved, meaning that its made safe for children.
