Answer:
The correct answer is c) opsonins
Explanation:
Opsonization is a process in which proteins like antibodies and complement proteins called opsonins bind to the antigens and get it recognized by the phagocyted which destroys the antigen.
Especially when bacteria is having external capsule than it becomes difficult for phagocytes to attach to the capsular surface as the recognition molecule like membrane carbohydrate of antigen is concealed by capsule.
So to encounter this, antibodies like IgG and complement proteins like C3b attaches to the antigen and get it recognized and opsonized by the phagocytes like macrophages. This opsonization causes the destruction of antigen by enzymatic lysis.
Answer:
the dissolved oxygen of the water decreases.
the fish need the oxygen for respiration, breathing through their gills.
Explanation:
The salinity decreasing doesn't affect the pickerel, because it's a freshwater fish. no salt needed.
more light penetrating the water just means that more aquatic weed or grasses would grow, giving the pickerel more area to spawn their eggs.
temperature increase in the summer has no affect on the fish, since the spawning happens in late winter.
One long, single molecule of double stranded, helical, supercoiled DNA. In most bacteria, the two ends of the double-stranded DNA covalently bond together to form both a physical and genetic circle
2. The evolutionary process through which new species emerge
Answer:
Explanation:
Standing crop is the biomass or living matter of biotic components of an ecosystem at a particular time. It represents the entire living matter (biomass). ... Standing state can be defined as the amount of inorganic nutrients found in an ecosystem. It represents the part of non-living matter.
