The cellular process shown in the image as x, y and z are mentioned below:
X is Replication. It is the process by which double- DNA Replication is the process by which double stranded DNA makes its own copies. Each strand on its separation, synthesizes a complementary stand.
Y is Transcription. It is the process by which copying of the information from a strand of DNA into a new molecule of mRNA, with the help of an enzyme RNA polymerase.
Z is Translation. It is the process in which genetic code on mRNA is decoded to produce the specific sequence of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.
Cellular respiration is the process in which cells break down glucose, release the stored energy, and use it to make ATP. The process begins in the cytoplasm and is completed in a mitochondrion. Cellular respiration occurs in three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport.
A. Community.
This is because a community contains living this, and biotic means living.
The first statement above is an example of incomplete dominance. If
the calf has black and white spots then that’s an example of codominance.
Incomplete dominance is a form of transitional
inheritance in which one allele for an explicit trait is not entirely expressed
over its paired allele. This effects in a third phenotype in which the
expressed physical trait is a mixture of the phenotypes of both alleles.
Codominance<span> is a form of dominance by which the alleles of a gene
pair in a heterozygote are wholly expressed. This effects in offspring with a
phenotype that is neither dominant or recessive. A usual example showing this type of dominance is
the ABO blood group system.</span>
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