Answer:
Explanation:
Pharmacophore (pharmacology) - The molecular framework responsible for a drug's biological activity. According to IUPAC — A pharmacophore is the ensemble of steric and electronic features that is necessary to ensure the optimal supramolecular interactions with a specific biological target structure and to trigger (or to block) its biological response.
Privileged structures are defined as molecular frameworks which are able of providing useful ligands for more than one type of receptor or enzyme target by judicious structural modifications.
1) The 1,4-dihydropyridine ring is present in many biologically important molecules that acts as an important scaffold for cardiovascular drug - a calcium antagonists and although it is technically not considered as a pharmacophore, it is considered as a privileged structure.
1,4-Dihydropyridine (DHP), belongs to the class of calcium antagonist that inhibits the influx of extracellular Ca+2 through the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels.
A positional substitution in the 4-position is feasible in the heterocyclic ring which in turn culminates in various calcium channel antagonist activities and this heterocyclic ring is the common feature for various pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory activity, analgesic activity,
antihypertensive, antianginal, antitumor, antitubercular activity and antithrombotic .
Position on the heterocyclic ring binds to the L-type channel and also to N-type channel on membranes.
2.) The bioisosteres are not a suitable bioisostere for the traditional C-4 aryl or heteroaryl substitution which is necessary for calcium ion blockage thereby inhibiting it to function with the mechanism shared above.
Answer:
Osmosis
Explanation:
Water moves across cell membranes by diffusion, in a process known as osmosis.
An algal bloom affects the whole ecosystem. Consequences range from the benign feeding of higher trophic levels, to more harmful effects like blocking sunlight from reaching other organisms, causing a depletion of oxygen levels in the water, and, depending on the organism, secreting toxins into the water.
Severe anemia may trigger an adaptive conversion of yellow bone marrow to red bone marrow.
Anaemia is defined as the decrease or the reduction of the oxygen carrying content of the blood which are the red blood cells.
These red blood cells and other blood cells which include the white blood cells and the platelets are produced in the body by the bone marrows by a process called haemopoiesis.
The bone marrow is divided into two:
- yellow bone marrow and
- red bone marrow.
The red bone marrow is made up of stem cells which can be converted to red cells when the need arises while yellow bone marrow is made up of fat.
During health conditions such as anaemia, there is increase in the need of red blood cells by the body.
There is usually the conversation of yellow bone marrow to red bone marrow to compensate for the increased demand of red blood cells.
This conversation is called an adaptive conversation.
Therefore,Severe anemia may trigger an adaptive conversion of yellow bone marrow to red bone marrow.
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<span>Green light is not absorbed but reflected, making the plant appear green. Chlorophyll is found in the chloroplasts of plants. There are various types of chlorophyll structures, but plants contain chlorophyll a and b.</span>
