Nucleic acids are the biolmolecules which are responsible for carrying information from one generation of organisms to the other. There are two types of nucleic acid namely the deoxyribo nucleic acid (DNA) and the ribo nucleic acid (RNA).
The similarity between the DNA and RNA is that both act as the genetic material carrying genetic information in them. Both are made up of polynucleotide chain with the repeating units called the nucleotides containing a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and phosphate. The difference lies in the type of the sugar and nitrogenous bases present. In RNA, the sugar is a ribose. In DNA, the sugar is a deoxy ribose derived from a ribose sugar by the loss of an oxygen atom. The nitrogenous bases of DNA are the adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine. Whereas, the nitrogenous bases of RNA are the adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil. Also, DNA is a double stranded molecule with two polynucleotide chains, whereas RNA is single stranded.
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The H.M.S. Challenger embarked from Portsmouth, England on December 21, 1872 and changed the course of scientific history. Physicists, chemists, and biologists collaborated with expert navigators to map the sea. This interdisciplinary spirit has continued to the present day. During the 4 year journey, the voyages circumnavigated the globe, sounded the ocean bottom to a depth of 26,850 feet, found many new species, and provided collections for scores of biologists.
C. Wyville Thomson led the expedition but died of exhaustion from the journey, which ended on May 24, 1876. The Challenger had zig-zagged around the globe and had visited every continent, including Antarctica.
The reports of the Challenger expedition were supervised by Sir John Murray, whose biological conclusions were of great importance to the later development of marine biology. He concluded, for example, that the deep-sea fauna was not "ancient," in that it did not resemble the faunas found in ancient fossil deposits.
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<h2>Striated, smooth, and cardiac muscle cells contain vast numbers of cytoplasmic filaments that function during the contraction of these cells. ... The contraction of striated muscle cells shortens the muscle, which then moves the skeleton.</h2>
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The metabolic chemical reaction is reversible, and they too would attain equilibrium if they take place in a test tube separately. However, if a cell attains metabolic equilibrium it is considered as dead. Thus, a cell in the body is not in equilibrium.
The spontaneous flow of substances within and outside of the cell prevents the metabolic pathways from attaining an equilibrium, and the cell persists to perform the work all through its life. This principle is demonstrated by the open hydroelectric system.
