Answer: 1. Blood enters the heart through two large veins, the inferior and superior vena cava, emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body into the right atrium of the heart. As the atrium contracts, blood flows from your right atrium into your right ventricle through the open tricuspid valve.
2. Plasma is the main component of blood and consists mostly of water, with proteins, ions, nutrients, and wastes mixed in. Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide. Platelets are responsible for blood clotting. White blood cells are part of the immune system and function in immune response.
3.Within the bone marrow, all blood cells originate from a single type of unspecialized cell called a stem cell. When a stem cell divides, it first becomes an immature red blood cell, white blood cell, or platelet-producing cell.
4. Epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla, raise blood pressure by increasing heart rate and the contractility of the heart muscles and by causing vasoconstriction of arteries and veins. These hormones are secreted as part of the fight‐or‐flight response.
A weight loss plan that may successfully lead to weight loss but does not consider the nutritional requirements and other health issues is a <u>fad diet.</u>
Plans marketed as the finest and quickest way to lose weight are called fad diets. However, several of these diets call for skipping meals that include the nutrients your body needs to stay healthy. Some diets blame specific hormones for weight gain, implying that eating can alter the body's chemistry. These diets are frequently poorly or incorrectly researched.
Every fad diet has one thing in common: it suggests a short-term cure to a problem that, for many people, is a lifetime issue. When a diet is discontinued, the weight lost usually comes back rapidly. Fad diets aren't sustainable for the rest of your life since they don't emphasize lifestyle improvement, which is important to keep the weight off.
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Answer:
b) blastic red blood cell (RBC).
Explanation:
In excess of 340 blood group antigens have now been described that vary between individuals. Thus, any unit of blood that is nonautologous represents a significant dose of alloantigen. Most blood group antigens are proteins, which differ by a single amino acid between donors and recipients. Approximately 1 out of every 70 individuals are transfused each year (in the United States alone), which leads to antibody responses to red blood cell <u>(RBC) alloantigens</u> in some transfusion recipients. When alloantibodies are formed, in many cases, RBCs expressing the antigen in question can no longer be safely transfused. However, despite chronic transfusion, only 3% to 10% of recipients (in general) mount an alloantibody response. In some disease states, rates of alloimmunization are much higher (eg, sickle cell disease). For patients who become alloimmunized to multiple antigens, ongoing transfusion therapy becomes increasingly difficult or, in some cases, impossible. While alloantibodies are the ultimate immune effector of humoral alloimmunization, the cellular underpinnings of the immune system that lead to ultimate alloantibody production are complex, including antigen consumption, antigen processing, antigen presentation, T-cell biology.
Stimulants and depressants have an effect on the synapses among neurons in the frightened system:
- stimulants purpose greater neurotransmitter molecules to diffuse throughout the synapse.
- depressants stop the next neurone sending nerve impulses.
Psychotropic drugs exert their outcomes by changing a synaptic occasion. these alterations in the end change the pastime of a neurotransmitter. some psychotropic drugs facilitate the effects of a neurotransmitter, and are referred to as agonistic.
Tablets make their effects regarded via performing to beautify or intervene with the interest of neurotransmitters and receptors in the synapses of the mind. some neurotransmitters carry inhibitory messages across the synapses, at the same time as others bring excitatory messages.
Amphetamine, heroin, marijuana, nicotine, alcohol, and prescription painkillers, can regulate a person's conduct by way of interfering with neurotransmitters and the regular communique between brain cells.
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