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Vikki [24]
2 years ago
9

Solid tumors are clusters of cancer cells and often contain blood vessels. When molecule B binds to the wild-type Brec protein i

n the plasma membrane of certain solid tumor cancer cells (Figure 1), the cancer cells express the membrane protein A and sometimes stimulate increased growth of blood vessels into the tumors.
Cells with a particular mutation in the Brec gene (Brec-MUT cells) have much increased expression levels of A and stimulate greater growth of blood vessels than do cancer cells with the wild-type Brec (Brec-WT cells); the cells with the mutant Brec can trigger intracellular signaling in the absence of B.

Researchers proposed that the signaling pathway modeled in Figure 1 is triggered by activation of the wild-type Brec and is associated with phosphorylation and activation of kinase D, expression of A, and the ability of the cancer cells to stimulate blood vessel growth.
Part A: Based on the signaling model shown in Figure 1, describe the role of molecule C-P in the activation of D.
Part B: Explain how a molecule such as kinase D can amplify an extracellular signal. Explain how the mutant Brec protein is able to activate kinase D even in the absence of its ligand.
Part C: Based on the proposed signaling pathway, predict the relative activity of kinase D in the Brec-WT cells compared with kinase D in the Brec-MUT cells when both cell types are grown in nutrient broth lacking B. Justify your prediction.
Part D: The researchers claim that treatment with a compound that inhibits dephosphorylation of the intracellular domain of the Brec protein will inhibit expression of A in Brec-WT cells but not in Brec-MUT cells. Based on the information provided, provide reasoning to refute their claim.

Biology
1 answer:
Agata [3.3K]2 years ago
3 0

The molecule C-P phosphorylates and thus activates D, whereas Kinase D amplifies cellular signaling by phosphorylating many substrates. In this case, it is expected to observe kinase D overexpression in Brec-MUT cells.

<h3>Cancer, phosphorylation and signaling pathways</h3>

Cancer can be defined as a multifactorial disease, which is often associated with uncontrolled cell growth.

Cancer signaling may be associated with defective pathways such as, for example, a mutated kinase protein that affects normal downstream molecular cascades.

A kinase is a specific protein that acts to phosphorylate specific cellular substrates, thereby activating/deactivating a particular signaling pathway.

Learn more about cancer pathways here:

brainly.com/question/16103657

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