Answer:
Al-Battani refraction had little effect on his meridian observations at the winter solstice because, at his more southerly site of ar-Raqqah, the sun was higher in the sky. Al-Battani's Kitab al-Zij was translated into Latin as De motu stellarum.
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Explanation:
You can always look at a map
By God, Gold, and Glory, I assume you mean them as three reasons for exploration. Spreading monotheistic religion (I.e. God) was a common reason for exploration due to the large influence religion (especially Christianity) had on people. Many explorers were missionaries, who attempted to convert people from all over the world to their religion. Secondly, gold (or wealth) was another reason for exploration. Everyone in the past wanted wealth just as much as people today wanted wealth, so the promise of it was almost certain to get people to go and explore (see the California Gold Rush as an example.) Finally, glory was the last major reason for exploration. Everyone wanted to be famous for something as much as people today do, and what better way to do that than to discover a place not yet documented on a map? People who got back form exploration alive were often treated as heroes, mainly because of the kinds of things they had to endure during their trip.
Woodrow Wilson and Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan came into office with little experience in foreign relations but with a determination to base their policy on moral principles rather than the selfish materialism that they believed had animated their predecessors' programs. Convinced that democracy was gaining strength throughout the world, they were eager to encourage the process. In 1916, the Democratic-controlled Congress promised the residents of the Philippine Islands independence; the next year, Puerto Rico achieved territorial status, and its residents became U.S. citizens. Working closely with Secretary of State Bryan, Wilson signed twenty-two bilateral treaties which agreed to cooling-off periods and outside fact-finding commissions as alternatives to war.
In a statement issued soon after taking office, Wilson declared that the United States hoped “to cultivate the friendship and deserve the confidence” of the Latin American states, but he also emphasized that he believed “just government” must rest “upon the consent of the governed.” Latin American states were hopeful for the prospect of being free to conduct their own affairs without American interference, but Wilson's insistence that their governments be democratic undermined the promise of self-determination. In 1915, Wilson responded to chronic revolution in Haiti by sending in American marines to restore order, and he did the same in the Dominican Republic in 1916. The military occupations that followed failed to create the democratic states that were their stated objective. In 1916, Wilson practiced an old-fashioned form of imperialism by buying the Virgin Islands from their colonial master, Denmark, for $25 million.
